![]() Two other frequent signs are the apostrophe ('), marking an omission of one or two letters, or a possessive case, and the hyphen (-), marking a line division or an intimate joining, as in compound words. ![]() Punctuation of material intended to be read silently rather than aloud-the far more usual case today-has introduced refinements designed to help the reader: brackets (), a secondary parenthesis capital letters paragraphing and indentation. The long dash (-) is especially used in handwriting for incomplete intonation patterns. The ellipsis (…) is used to indicate the place in a passage where material has been omitted or a thought has trailed off. Quotation marks (“ ”) indicate direct quotation or some borrowing, and usually demand special intonation. ![]() Other intonations are shown by the exclamation point (!) the interrogation point, or question mark (?) the parenthesis, used to set off a word or phrase from a sentence that is complete without it and the colon (:), typically used to introduce material that elaborates on what has already been said. The intonations of declaration are classified in three types, symbolized by the comma (,), used to separate words or phrases for clarity the semicolon ( ), used to mark separation between elements in a series of related phrases, generally in a long sentence and the full stop, or period (.), used to mark the end of a sentence. Such features are represented by punctuation, indicated by signs inserted usually between words, and often following the feature they mark. In English, stress, pausing, and tonal changes interlock in a set of patterns often called intonations. In every language, besides the sounds of the words that are strung together there are other features, such as tone, accent, and pauses, that are equally significant (see grammar and phonetics). Punctuation, the use of special signs in writing to clarify how words are used the term also refers to the signs themselves. They are often described as being more powerful than commas, while not quite as a strong as periods (full stops). Semicolons ( ) are used for two main purposes: to separate lengthy or complex items within a list and to connect independent clauses.
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